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Luddite Robot
Film critique, theory, and assorted nonsense.
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China Girls, Death Proof, and the Hidden Face

April 14, 2019

Old News: Old Noise Edition

April 8, 2019

Old News: April 1, 2019

Nicolas Winding Refn, Marginalia, and the Deaths of Cinema

CommentaryFilm

And now, let us praise Kanopy

January 24, 2019

Warren Sonbert and the Relief of Anti-Narrative

January 14, 2019

The World Is Ending and It Doesn’t Matter

The Best Films of 2018

FilmReviews

Madeline’s Madeline: An Unclassifiable Panic Attack Maybe-Masterpiece

December 21, 2018

Shoplifters Steals Moments of Wonder from the Mundane

December 11, 2018

Burning and Forgetting What’s Not There

Alien, Musicology, and Reading Soundtracks

CommentaryFilm

Shocktober III: Halloween 2018 Edition

October 24, 2018

Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery Traumatized Schoolkids in 16 mm

October 18, 2018

Shocktober 2018 II: Another Reshockening (of Horror)

Häxan is a movie made by a movie character

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Shocktober 2018

October 7, 2018

Unprofessional! Spring Night, Summer Night

October 3, 2018

The Wild Boys: A Luddite Robot Conversation

Kusama: Infinity Expands Beyond The Canvas

ConversationFilm

Good Time: A Luddite Robot Conversation

by Sam and Rick February 11, 2018
written by Sam and Rick

When we marked the end of 2017 with our respective best-of lists, we added the standard caveat that we hadn’t seen many of the year’s most acclaimed films yet. Every year bleeds into the next, cinema-wise, and there are always things we miss. Good Time was one of those things.

Better late than never. The Safdie brothers‘ pulsing, twitchy portrait of a day in the life of Queens-based scumbag Connie (Robert Pattinson) and his developmentally-challenged brother Nick (Benny Safdie) is an aggressively ugly film, presented with an eye for moments of unlikely visual beauty. It’s violent, deeply uncomfortable, and not at all the lark its title promises. The direction and cinematography know exactly what they’re going for, and Pattinson — doggedly knee-capping any notion that he’ll always be Edward Cullen — turns in career-best work against a jagged aural backdrop and Winding Refn-like colors.

For the second in a series of longer conversations on particular films, we take a dive into the little corner of frenetic nastiness and insatiability that is Good Time.

Good Time Discussion

Liz: It’s funny you picked Good Time, Rick, because I don’t think I ever would have watched it if you hadn’t. And if we weren’t writing about it together, I’m not sure I would have made it to the end. But let’s start with you – what did you think of it?

Rick: Well, I’m glad you stuck with it, and I hope I didn’t inflict too much unnecessary anxiety by suggesting it. It’s one anxious, morally queasy movie.

Robert Pattinson staring out car window in Good TimeBut the relentless way that queasiness is conveyed is a big part of the reason Good Time is shaping up to be my favorite 2017 release I didn’t see until 2018. I’m not familiar with the Safdie brothers’ earlier films, but here they seem to have a sure hand on slippery material. Sean Price Williams’ cinematography is often brilliant at conveying characters and relationships — the first scene, in which a shot-reverse shot calmness in the doctor’s office turns frantic in an instant with the arrival of Robert Pattinson’s volatile scumbag Connie, is a mission statement — and the Oneohtrix Point Never score is effectively unsettling, with all its gurgles and blurps. And then there’s Pattison himself, who disappears into a role that could charitably be described as “challenging.” I found the whole thing aesthetically and narratively fascinating, and often rather moving, in its way.

But don’t get me wrong: Good Time is also a horror show. What were your immediate takeaways?

L: The score was something, for sure. I’ve listened to some OPN before, and generally liked it, but at first I was little worried about it; I was worried it was going to just ape John Carpenter the whole time. But there’s an extra flavor to his pulsing synths, in particular these melody lines that come very close to sounding like the theme song for a cheesy cop show. (An early, pivotal scene revolves around a TV playing the Law and Order theme, which really cemented the sonic tone in my mind.)

The main director who was coming to mind in terms of the aesthetic as a whole is a very controversial one: Harmony Korine. It’s a much, much more accomplished film than anything Korine has put together, but the way that poverty is depicted as permeated with what Zizek would call “surplus-enjoyment” really reminded me of his provocations.

Benny Safdie as Nick in Good TimeWhat struck me leaving the film was the way the Safdie brothers bring together all these different ways of being a “subject” of the state. We open with Nick, who is developmentally disabled and is being interviewed by a psychiatrist, and he objects vehemently to having what he says written down for people to talk about later. His brother (after taking him from the meeting and encouraging him to rip up the form) asks him if he thinks he’s “like one of those,” referring to another patient in the hallway. Then, the plot revolves around his imprisonment and hospitalization, making him a subject 3 times over (as mentally disabled, prisoner, and medical patient).

Anyway, what do you think of all that?

R: I haven’t seen enough of Korine to comment on that comparison, though I think the Zizek point is apt. There is definitely a sense of the unquenchable running through Good Time, a constant excess amid all the desperation, with Pattinson stalking Queens like a caged tiger.

Robert Pattinson in Good TimeThe idea of Nick as a subject of the state 3 times over also occurred to me … and before the credits finish, at that! This is effectively Nick’s entire role in the film. That casually contemptuous aside that you cite from Connie — “like one of those” — seems crucial. His affection for his brother demands that he draw a distinction between Nick and these others, who he considers virtually sub-human, or at least little more than means to an end. (Sociopath that he is, this applies to everyone he meets, and occasionally extends to Nick too, though some other impulse seems to block it.)

When the narrative shifts and Nick is replaced by Buddy Duress’ Ray, who Connie liberated from the state by accident, this loathing comes out full force. Pattinson’s near-monologue shows someone who imagines themselves a dissident force, outside of state control, but also has this curiously seething disdain for those he considers either lacking in a work ethic or the ability to provide for themselves:

I am better than you. The second you got here, you went to the booze and got fucked up. But that’s fine, that’s just who you are. You’re a fuck up. I don’t care, whatever. I don’t give a shit. Look, losers like you are incapable of taking care of themselves. You’re either leeching off mommy, or leeching off welfare, or living off the government in jail. That’s you. You serve absolutely no function whatsoever.

Robert Pattinson ranting in Good TimeIt’s one of his longest rants, and one of the more savage. What did you make of that sudden break in the text, by which Nick is essentially eclipsed or substituted by Ray?

L: That scene in particular kind of was the key to his character for me. There’s the famous line of Steinbeck’s that America never had socialism because everyone thinks of themselves as temporarily embarrassed millionaires. I can’t use it without pointing out that it’s not an exact quote, and the actual passage is more about the privileged position of the Communists he knew, but it does seem relevant to Connie.

Connie seems to me like someone who has internalized the narrative of the deserving poor, and thinks of himself exactly as a temporarily embarrassed millionaire. He thinks of himself as being a mover and a shaker, an actor who can get things done, who is always just about to be in a stable place.

The way he takes advantage of anyone being kind to him (from his girlfriend to people waiting for the bus) felt more than just him doing anything to survive; it felt like he had a need to not owe anyone anything. It’s more than just pragmatic lying; it’s like he invents a fictional person who should be pitied, someone separated from himself, so he can take advantage of their gift without being the subject of it.

And in the final scene, in which Nick becomes part of a therapy class, we see with the psychiatrists this act of real kindness and real gift-ness that Connie can’t accept and can’t let Nick accept. What do you think of that?

R: Spot-on. There’s absolutely a sense of brotherly duty, even love, in Connie’s relation to his brother, but everything is mediated through his own needs, psychic or otherwise. Good Time doubles things with such frequency that it’s no surprise the brothers are mirrors, but for Connie that takes on a specific urgency, in exactly the way you suggest. There’s an ache beneath everything here, I think, which is encapsulated almost too well by the refrain to the final song in the film, the only one with words, delivered by Iggy Pop: “The pure always act from love / And the damned always act from love / The truth is an act of love.”

That final scene, or truth-act, is one of empathy and reaching-out, something Connie could never allow. (Though the psychiatrist tells Nick that Connie “did the right thing” by letting him come to the hospital; in this case, the right thing was apparently relinquishing control under duress.) The moment Nick walks across the room — in response to, I think, “If you’ve ever felt lonely” — is his first real flash of agency, and it’s a quietly heartbreaking way to end a violent, frenetic film.

But we should wrap this up — I have a Sprite bottle full of liquid acid to sell. Any closing thoughts?

L: Just that next time, I’m picking the movie. I’m thinking something a little less tense, like Paddington 2.

February 11, 2018 0 comments
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Choi Eun-hee with flowers in My Mother and Her Guest
CommentaryFilmGreat Movies: The Counter Programming

A Brief Encounter in My Mother and Her Guest

by rick February 9, 2018
written by rick

With a quiet grace, and the kind of childlike innocence in its narration that lays bare the adult melancholy all around, Shin Sang-ok‘s My Mother and Her Guest (1961) sneaks up on you. It’s a far cry from the violent, Occupation-era love triangle of his A Flower In Hell (a previous Counter-Programming entry released just 3 years prior), though both star Choi Eun-hee.

In form and theme, My Mother and Her Guest is much closer to Hometown of the Heart, 1949’s star turn from Choi. The emphasis is on the struggles of widows and children without parents pushing up against society’s strictures, not amour fou, daytime noir, and deaths in the dirt. This is an understated film, set in a “widow house.” Its pall of sadness is quiet, its hopes are quiet, even its moments of levity are mostly quiet. The soundtrack — almost all Chopin, an interesting choice for a South Korean romance — underlines this at every turn. There’s something stately but ineffable about the whole affair. From the start, it’s clear that My Mother and Her Guest won’t end in blood, but it’s just as clear that things won’t resolve tidily in the classic Hollywood fashion.

Image of Ok-hee at her deskImage of Ok-hee's pictures of her family and villageThe narrative is guided by 6-year-old Ok-hee (Yeong-Seon Jeon). In voiceover, she introduces us to her family, and her village, via the illustrations of each which hang on her wall. Her severe grandmother (Eun-jin Han), a deaconess who scares everyone but Ok-hee; her mom (Choi), the prettiest woman in the world; and the kind maid (Geum-bong Do), who “works hard, eats well, and sleeps well.” These literal sketches are presented with touching grace notes. Ok-hee says doesn’t know what “a widow” is, exactly, but adds “since I’m a widow’s daughter, that means my mom is a widow.” At the close of her intros, Ok-hee turns and addresses the camera, excusing herself as she heads off to kindergarten. We are in a child’s world and a house full of women.

The arrival of Mr. Han (Kim Jin-kyu), an old friend of Ok-hee’s father, comes to stay, for reasons that are never really clarified. My Mother and Her Guest is less interested in plot mechanics than presenting relationships; the simple “guest” of the title will suffice. He and Ok-hee become fast friends and, with Han clearly filling a paternal hole in her heart, she sets out to play 6-year-old matchmaker:

Ok-hee gives a rose to her mother with a huge smile on her face and lies to get her to talk to Mr. Han. She doesn’t care about the expectations of being a widow or the social norms between men and women, she only wants both adults to be happy and start a family. She even tells Mr. Han that she wishes he was her father sometimes, and again the director is exposing the idea that if the world was as easy as a child would hope so, then everyone would get what they desire.

Image of Mr. Han saying goodbye to Ok-hee as Choi watchesOf course, the world is not so easy. There are strictures against conversation outside the family, much less widows re-coupling. Combined with obligations to home and to her mother-in-law, we doubt the possibilities of the romance the film tenderly draws out. Much of My Mother and Her Guest carries the wistfulness of melodrama. The “will they or won’t they?” aspect is more or less cut off at the knees, which is the point. But Choi and Kim convey all their longing effectively, with surreptitious and fumbling attempts at quasi-courtship frequently made even sweeter by Ok-hee’s tendency to just blurt stuff out. There’s a selfishness and a tendency to color around the details to her would-be match-making, which is entirely appropriate to a 6-year-old girl trying to make sense of her world.

Image of maid and egg vendorThe only really happy romantic relationship in the small cast is the one that develops between the maid and the local egg vendor. Shin seems to imply that their particular place in the structure, widowed and working class, allows possibilities denied to more proper folks. (They are even implied to fool around just offscreen when everyone is out of the house, a pretty startling development in My Mother and Her Guest — I was not expecting maid/egg vendor sex.) It rings a bit simplistic, but from the very opening moments, the maid’s appetites are emphasized, and she’s “the happiest person in our family,” according to Ok-hee. So that’s nice.

Image of Ok-hee and Choi watching Mr. Han departStill, as the title would have it, this is not their story. The main focus here is on an impossible romance, and the film manages to portray this without turning didactic. There’s very little anger in My Mother and Her Guest; just a lingering sense of what could’ve been, if the world were different than it is.

But as Mr. Han boards a train and heads back to the city after a season, it’s clear we’re not in that world. Choi and her daughter watch from the hill where he and the child had painted together on lazy afternoons, and Chopin — as Philip Gowman notes, not unlike Rachmaninoff in Brief Encounter 15 years prior — provides a final coda.

The mother will observe silently as Shin’s camera settles on a close-up of Choi. The child will wave enthusiastically. The train will depart.

 

 

 

 

February 9, 2018 0 comments
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CommentaryFilm

Fake Worlds, The Truman Show

by Lark February 8, 2018
written by Lark

Skimming through Martin Buber’s two-volume collection of essays on the origins of Hasidism, I think I have realized what to call this loose category of fake world narratives, including The Truman Show: they are gnostic movies.

The idea of Gnosticism has been somewhat warped in the last 40 years (The Da Vinci Code, for example, has the audacity to claim they were suppressed for having a more human vision of Christ, when anyone with the least familiarity would tell you they had a far more divine version of Christ), but the basic premise is very close to these movies: that there is an evil god who has trapped human souls in bodies, and that the material world is, in fact, a massive prison to keep us controlled. But the knowledge, or gnosis, of the falseness of the world can be discovered by some humans, who can overcome their materiality and transcend to a new, superior world.

Buber saw Gnosticism as the complete opposite of true religion. True religion was, for him, about relationships between humans before God. The gnostic hopes to free themselves from all duty to other humans and to God by means of their secret knowledge. The knowledge, if I may put words in Buber’s mouth (at least the Buber of the Hasidic writings), frees the gnostic from their subjectivity. Knowledge is subject-independent; transcending the physical world of particularity, the gnostic has no responsibility to anyone.

Boat and horizon in The Truman ShowBuber has often been accused of romanticizing the early Hasidic movement —justifiably — and I would say that he exaggerates the horrible evil of Gnosticism (as we’ll see in discussing The Matrix). But when it comes to a movie like The Truman Show (1998), I think his way of thinking is illuminating. If any of these movies live in the fantasy of Gnosticism, it’s this one in particular.

I say this specifically because of the idea that acquiring the gnosis of the world being fake frees the knower from social responsibility. Of the 5 central movies here — Dark City (covered previously here), The Truman Show, eXistenZ, The Thirteenth Floor, and The Matrix), only The Matrix really has any sense of responsibility to others post-realization. In some, like Dark City, the question of “saving” the other prisoners is mostly ignored; in The Truman Show, it is taken to its most fantastic degree, in that there are really no other prisoners to be rescued.

Jim Carrey on empty street in The Truman ShowThe first half of Truman is the apex of this fantasy, the fantasy of discovering some knowledge that frees you from being a subject. Realizing the world is fake, Jim Carrey is free to walk into traffic and run into random buildings. Mostly, though, his id-rampage seems to take as its object his wife. (Laura Linney’s performance is, frankly, remarkable, never making it clear how much of her fear is that the jig is up and how much is legitimate, but by the end, when he menaces her with a slicer, I found it genuinely upsetting.)

Carrey’s fantasy rampage, though, comes to an end before he actually manages to escape his prison. Why? In a striking maneuver (one which is yet another strike against the supposedly universal three-act structure), Truman turns on its heels halfway through; despite having clearly seen how fake his world is, he for some reason returns to normal, a move that makes such little character sense that it clearly signals a shift in narrative logic.

Ed Harris and Paul Giamatti in The Truman ShowIf Buber is right and Gnosticism is about dissolving social ties, then the first half is the properly gnostic half. But a complete dissolution of social ties, the fantasy of invisibility, isn’t emotionally satisfying for very long. The second half of Truman reorganizes the fantasy: the social ties are all restored, but they are all one-directional. They all head towards Carrey, and none head away.

Carrey thus slips around the edges of the second half of the film. We spend roughly half an hour with Ed Harris’ director and with his fans in the real world. Even when he finally begins to make his proper escape, we spend our time with his hunters. He has no real presence.

I admit, this is a cursory look at the movie. (It probably shows that I frankly am not a fan.) What is interesting about it in the context of this set is the way it reveals that there is, in the modern version, a second half to the gnostic fantasy. It is not enough to merely be freed from the material world; the material world must be re-organized around the subject. We’ll get into the question of how that actually works with The Thirteenth Floor.

February 8, 2018 0 comments
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Ocean's Eleven
CommentaryFilm

Aspirational Thievery in Soderbergh’s Ocean’s Trilogy

by rick February 7, 2018
written by rick

The lovable rogue is a cultural fixture. In his more thieving modes (he’s canonically male, usually stealing hearts along the way), he steals and redistributes or returns the goods for safekeeping (Robin Hood, Indiana Jones); steals because he operates best on the margins and needs to outrun an already dodgy past (Han Solo, Mal Reynolds, Jack Colton); or simply steals because it’s fun, he’s good at it, and it beats working for a living, like Monsieur Leval or, well, Mr. Fox. In Steven Soderbergh‘s Ocean’s Trilogy (Ocean’s Eleven, Twelve, and Thirteen), the assembled crew combine elements of all of these.

Soderbergh’s 2001 remake of Ocean’s Eleven (1960) — an original best, and rightly, remembered as a Rat Pack vehicle and for Saul Bass’ title cards — is a tightly wound coil, a perfectly engineered genre exercise shot through with the director’s trademark attention to mechanics and centered on the surface appeals of its cast’s mega-star charm. (Plus or minus a Julia Roberts.)

Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas in Ocean's ElevenFocused more on professional lovable rogue George Clooney as Danny Ocean than either of the sequels, Eleven finds him in the Sinatra role, fresh out of jail and already planning a Vegas heist with constantly-eating co-conspirator Rusty Ryan (Brad Pitt). We get a description of the robbery’s target with financier Rueben Tishkoff (Elliott Gould). We get the team-assembly montage — your Bernie Mac here, your irritatingly-accented Don Cheadle there, dashes of pre-queasy Casey Affleck and alarmingly youthful Matt Damon, and so on. And we get the heist itself, which Ted Griffin‘s screenplay will set up and deconstruct in elaborate fashion. The genre cinephile nerdery, amped up to extremes in Twelve, takes second place here to the simple quest to find out how things work. Ocean’s Eleven is the kind of film that dares you to turn it off before its over.

Those mechanics work hand in hand with the team’s interactions, each character delineated in ways to make them unique but also serve individual roles in the heist itself, a breezy treatment of noir fixtures (or comic book ones) resolving in a decidedly non-noir fashion. The overall emphasis here is on the thrill of discovery and the fun of camaraderie.

Brad Pitt and Carl Reiner at the dog track in Ocean's ElevenBut of those lovable rogues, Ocean’s team hews closest to the essentials of Lubitsch’s protagonists in Trouble In Paradise, “self-made crooks” who value appearances and the satisfaction of robbing the rich above everything else, with some Fast and Furious-style family allegiance and gentlemanly codes of operation thrown in for good measure. They’re certainly not planning on redistributing this wealth, and we get the feeling that their very sense of self, or at least their masculinities, are wrapped up in all of this. (“Guys like us don’t change,” Rusty tells Carl Reiner‘s aging operator Saul. “We stay sharp or we get sloppy. But we don’t change.”)

Unlike The Fugitive, in which we root for the innocent man to be exonerated, or The Thin Man, in which we anxiously wait for our heroes to drunkenly reveal the guilty party, the Ocean’s movies actively align our sympathies with these wily rascals, facing insurmountable odds and somehow still sticking it to the man.

Trouble In Paradise and Ocean's TrilogyThe Lubitsch classic was released at the height of the Great Depression. Ocean’s Eleven arrived just as the 2000s recession was getting underway; 3 years later, Ocean’s Twelve marked a significant period of wealth transfer to the richest of the rich; and Ocean’s Thirteen debuted the same year as the official timestamp of the Great Recession. And like Trouble In Paradise, Soderbergh’s trilogy functions both as an escapist indulgence in the trappings of wealth and glamour, and also a celebration of professionalized, highly-skilled class warfare, carried on by handsome, marginal men in well-tailored suits purchased with stolen money. These may not point to some sort of material necessity (and heist movies are nothing new, of course), but the evocations are all over the place. Call it something in the air.

George Clooney in Ocean's TwelveThe irony is that we cheer on famously wealthy actors as they fleece the 1%. Hell, scenes in Ocean’s Twelve are shot at a Lake Como villa, not dissimilar from the one Clooney owns, the scoundrel. (That the actual set was Luchino Visconti’s house could be the topic for an entirely different, too-long discussion.)

Soderbergh seems intent on pushing this irony as the series continued, with Twelve‘s manifold windows, glass doors, and, in the series’ most meta (and, to some viewers, most irritating) sequence, the character played by Julia Roberts trying to Don Cheadle, Julia Roberts, and Matt Damon in Ocean's Twelveimpersonate the “real” Julia Roberts, before running into Bruce Willis, playing himself. A shaky-cam sequence in Ocean’s Thirteen features Damon in London, shot during one of his days off from a Jason Bourne film, walking the streets of London, talking about the confusion of his multiple aliases. Thirteen concludes with Pitt cheekily advising Clooney that they should keep the weight off between heists, drawing attention to the actors’ commitments to other projects.

These jokes, some subtle and some less so, round at an increasingly self-aware set of texts. In films this outright entertaining and glossy, it’s hard to keep tabs on such things, lurking just out of sight. And the sense of cinematic pleasure that adheres to the whole affair — its clever mechanics, its easy charm and wit — equally obscures the class resentment at the heart of the stories, or at the least the first one. (Don’t believe me? A delightfully serious offering from LinkedIn titled “Eight Strategic Planning Lessons from the ‘Ocean’s Eleven’ Trilogy” advises professional readers to, among other things, “Set up clear, specific and timed objectives,” “Do your homework,” and, my favorite, “Create a professional network.” I imagine the author decided against going with Twelve or Thirteen because there wasn’t enough room for “create 3-D hologram of priceless Fabergé egg” or “obtain industrial drilling equipment for fake earthquake.”)

Soderbergh’s heist flicks, now including last year’s delightfully déclassé Logan Lucky (in which a character refers to the robbery as “Ocean’s 7-11”), play well on their own terms even as they hint at wellsprings of discontent under all the surfaces. We’ll see what Gary Ross (director of The Hunger Games and Pleasantville, writer of, um, Big) can do with the distaff, similarly star-studded Ocean’s 8, arriving in June.

 

February 7, 2018 0 comments
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CommentaryFilm

Contact’s perspectival confusion and the religion/science debate

by Lark February 6, 2018
written by Lark

What is the place of 1997’s Contact in the public consciousness? I’ve never been able to get a solid lock on it. It wasn’t one of the 90s movies that permanently took up residence on basic cable, but it’s a common enough experience that people can make jokes about it. (Go search on Twitter for “they should have sent a poet” if you don’t believe me.)

The entire film is in the shadow of Carl Sagan: it is an adaptation of his 1985 novel, which itself was essentially the novelized form of a 100-page film treatment he and his wife tried and failed to get made in the late 70s. What we end up with, then, in Contact is a 70s conception of science and religion that was released just years away from the 21st century.

The figures who have attempted to set themselves up as the “heirs” of Sagan — Neil deGrasse Tyson is the major name, having made his own version of Cosmos, but any number of popular-level scientists, usually with somewhat dubious credentials, have tried to position themselves in his wake — are often so insufferable and odious that it’s hard to remember Sagan’s actually very human project. One can’t imagine a New Atheist version of this story.

Jodie Foster with earphones in ContactThey would, of course, have no trouble with Jodie Foster’s fiercely atheist logical fact-based Occam’s razor-referencing protagonist for most of the movie. And Matthew McConaughey’s vaguely Christian “spiritual advisor” could stay mostly intact, if only because many would see him as so obviously wrong today.

But it’s Contact‘s famous final sequence, in which Foster finally does travel to the alien planet trying to contact Earth — but in a way that makes it seem as if she hadn’t, leading James Wood’s conspiracy-minded bureaucrat to accuse her of fabricating it — that the film takes a surprising position, one which would not sit well with the modern pop science world.

Jodie Foster climax in ContactFoster admits that there is no evidence she traveled to a foreign planet, but, borrowing language from McConaughey’s earlier description of his religious experience, she stands by her experience. It’s a wonderful scene, and if I were ever teaching a class on Hume’s argument against miracles, it would be exactly the scene to use.

But it bears some further thought. For the entirety of Contact, Foster has been the figure of what we would now call “scientism,” an absolute belief in testable, verifiable hypotheses. In other words, she basically stands in for every goofball on YouTube who rants about “evidence” and “proof” in an incredibly vague way, as if they were independent forces on their own.

But in the final moments of the film she is admitting that everyone’s experience is different — and that science should not reject or ignore personal experience. It would be a remarkable argument.

James Woods looking smarmy in ContactAnd yet, they can’t stick with it. Slipped in between the climactic scene and the final credits is one last conversation between Woods and a minor assistant. (Woods, by the way, may have been hit on the head during filming and may have been stuck in this persona ever since.) It is revealed that while the camera did only record static during Foster’s visit, it “recorded 17 hours of static”, a fact that the government is hushing up.

In other words: Foster is right, and there is objective, falsifiable proof backing her up. (Why, by the way, 17 hours? It was established earlier that it would take half a century to travel to the planet and back, and that Foster was essentially giving up on Earth by traveling; if it took any time at all, why would it take 17 hours? The way this makes mincemeat of the logic of the dilemma points to the fact that this scene is somehow psychologically necessary for the creators.)

So the film tries to take a perspectivist approach — that we are ultimately locked only in our particular perspectives and experiences — while also judging one side objectively correct. What else could better encapsulate the cult of science we see in 2018 — or, for that matter, the evangelical Christian cult in 2018? The idea that we are both living in a world fractured into an infinity of perspectives, but also that some are objectively right, is the motivating factor behind the bludgeoning and aggressive techniques of both sides of the science/religion debate.

It’s what a psychoanalyst would call the hysterical objection: it’s impossible, and it’s wrong. It’s impossible to understand anyone else’s experience, and it’s wrong to do so because they’re wrong anyway.

Contact is a remarkable movie (at the very least, it’s the only Zemeckis movie post-Death Becomes Her I can sit through). It may be a last hurrah of sorts for a century in which it was fitfully believed that science and religion could say anything to each other. But in its final moments, it points to the future.

February 6, 2018 0 comments
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FilmStreaming Selections

Streaming Selections – Kicking and Screaming

by Sam and Rick February 3, 2018
written by Sam and Rick

I remember talking to someone online about Baumbach’s Kicking and Screaming, and being unsurprised that they didn’t like it. Like most of Baumbach’s movies, the protagonists are selfish and self-centered, the plot is aimless, and the women often feel like miraculous creatures for their quirky men to earn with small tokens of maturity.

I was more surprised, though, to hear why he didn’t like it. He quoted a line — “I’m quoting myself here, but if Plato is like a fine red wine, then Aristotle is like a dry martini” — as evidence that we were supposed to find the listless recent college grad protagonists of Kicking and Screaming charming.

Coffee shop Kicking and ScreamingOver the years I’ve spent watching Kicking (I first discovered it in the early days of my Criterion obsession at around 16 — Lord knows what I got from it then — and have treated it as a bit of an end-of-the-year tradition) I had never considered that anyone could think we were supposed to think this was a clever line. Eric Stoltz’s Chet, the insufferable bartender who gives it to a bored patron barely paying attention, is so irritating even the other characters can’t stand him. How could anyone think we were supposed to find the line charming?

Kicking and ScreamingBut while whoever I was talking to is wrong about the line in particular, he did get to the heart of why Kicking and Screaming, Baumbach’s first, is a peculiar one. For all its needling mockery of the recently graduated — almost every detail of which feels perfect, like a broken cup swept into a pile and covered with a piece of paper that says BROKEN GLASS — it is also soddenly sincere in parts. Baumbach might try to undercut Josh Hamilton’s achingly sincere monologue to an airport attendant about today “being the day that he goes” with a final, weak joke, but by the end it’s clear that he as a writer has a lot more empathy for his confused stars than they do for their former classmates.

Ultimately, we’re not supposed to like them, per se, but I don’t think we’re supposed to blame them. There’s no sense of contempt or judgment in Kicking and Screaming; they’re just trying to figure stuff out without letting anyone know they don’t know everything already. Having aged through the movie— from not even being in college, to being a freshman, to being the age of the characters, to being older than the characters, to now being older than many of the actors — it’s that sense of empathy that I appreciate most. There’s a softness to it, and that can be a wonderful thing. (Liz – Streaming on Netflix)

Quick Links

A Futile and Stupid Gesture

A Stupid and Futile Gesture office

Before things take a maudlin turn in the final third, David Wain‘s A Futile and Stupid Gesture is a witty, even insightful look back at Doug Kenney and Henry Beard, the founding of National Lampoon through the coke-fueled productions of Animal House and Caddyshack. Will Forte is effortlessly funny in the lead, when the film allows to be, and some of the meta touches are clever (the overall framing device of having Martin Mull, as the older Kenney that the real one never lived to be, narrate is silly and mostly enjoyable, of a piece with the film’s general tone).

By the end, Wain will try to split the difference between the dry jokes and straight biopic notes, which turns out to be a mistake, but the fun parts are still very fun. (Rick – Streaming on Netflix)

Pieces

Boy with bloody saw in Pieces

“Sleepaway Camp in college.” Maybe that’s too strong of a claim (it’s not quite that incompetent), but it’s what kept popping into my head while watching 1982’s Pieces.

Every other line of dialogue is recognizable for its tropes but peculiar in its expression, like a Martian’s recreation of a human movie. Its characters take this up several more notches, each of them basically (in the words of Peter Moran of We Love To Watch) coming from entirely different movies. It’s a slasher, but its male protagonist comes from something like Porky’s and its female lead is a tennis superstar undercover cop in the Angie Dickinson Police Woman model — and that’s just for starters. The resolution isn’t nearly as gonzo as Camp, but it’s still… something else. (Streaming on Shudder)

Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story

John C. Reilly in Walk Hard

Nurse – Rehab: Doctor! Doctor!

Dewey Cox: I’m so cold.

Rehab Doctor: We need more blankets.

Nurse – Rehab: We need more blankets!

Nurse – Rehab: Doctor!

Dewey Cox: I’m so hot!

Nurse – Rehab: I think he has too many blankets.

Rehab Doctor: Fewer blankets!

Dewey Cox: I’m hot and cold at the same time!

Nurse – Rehab: He needs more blankets and he needs less blankets.

Rehab Doctor: [gravely] I’m afraid you’re right.

Unfairly ignored upon its release and now in danger of being over-praised upon recuperation, Walk Hard is still the funniest send up of biopics I can think of, and a nice palate cleanser for A Stupid and Futile Gesture. It’s also just flat-out hilarious, with songs that have no right to be so good while also skewering the subjects at hand.

John C. Reilly‘s infectious sweetness is put to never-better use, and the army of quotable lines just keep marching on. (“Wrong kid died.”) (Rick – Streaming on Netflix)

February 3, 2018 0 comments
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CommentaryFilm

On Linklater, lovers, time, and rock

by rick February 2, 2018
written by rick

Richard Linklater has built an entire career as a study in points that do not quite intersect, moments that do not match, but somehow make complete sense placed together.

That’s an impressive feat for a guy who followed up the meandering, anarchic Slacker with the glazed hijinks and pre-collegiate accessibility of Dazed and Confused; the discursive, achingly romantic Before Sunrise (a romance he, with Julie Delpy and Ethan Hawke, methodically chips away at in its sequels, constructing the greatest trilogy since Ray’s) with Eric Bogosian’s quasi-punky SubUrbia, followed promptly by a heist film (The Newton Boys). To say nothing of a remake of Bad News Bears, an off-kilter adaptation of Eric Schlosser’s expose Fast Food Nation, a Philip K. Dick homage in A Scanner Darkly, the period sensibility of Me and Orson Welles, or the out-of-nowhere revelation of Boyhood, more or less filmed in secret over the course of close to 2 decades. As the kids say, what the actual fuck.

Students in classroom in Linklater's School of RockRoger Ebert wrote that “Linklater has never made a formula story, and I don’t believe he ever will.” These disparate treatments indicate a wide-ranging sensibility, sure, but also a kind of admirable omnivorism, a pulsing interest in forms and structures. They’re not all great movies, but they’re all fascinating.

And they’re all fixated on time, as even the most casual observer will recognize. Even the dumb ones focus on time; fractured, bounded. From the very start, Linklater imagines a world in between. Neither Waking Life or School of Rock are the things I imagine Linklater would highlight on his resume. In the strange way these things coalesce, I think they’re maybe his most representative films.

Boat car in Linklater's Waking LifeIn the great push and pull of everything, it’s fair to say that both Waking Life and School of Rock are silly texts. They ask very little of you, apart from joining them on a swift ride, steered by a guy who might just leap off the boat.

They are untethered from narrative constraints, and yet somehow obvious. (In Waking Life, the dream within the dream precludes a sense of wholeness or predictability; in School of Rock, that very predictably allows for weird tangents.) We know these stories. In Waking Life, that ride is through the contours of Linklater’s discursive blathering – it’s talky and annoying and fun, the perfect film for the bro’d-out stoners of Dazed and Confused or Everybody Wants Some!!! to check out half of, before sleep or disappointing sex, or, g-d forbid, someone breaks out the Foucault. School of Rock is fun for the whole family, if your family loves shit about how it’s hard to make it in this world, for over-educated white guys who just wish someone would put on a fucking song already. Both are, more than anything else, exuberant.

Linklater, as has prominently been noted by noted scholars and also me, is the pre-eminent philosopher of time working in popular entertainment. Kogonada, whose Columbus was in many ways an ode to his hero, has detailed this at length. At a crucial moment in Before Sunset, Ethan Hawke delivers a partial recitation of this W.H. Auden poem. Hawke is adorably bad, imitating Dylan Thomas in a way that feels genuine, and also deeply embarrassing:

As I walked out one evening,

Walking down Bristol Street,

The crowds upon the pavement

Were fields of harvest wheat.

 

And down by the brimming river

I heard a lover sing

Under an arch of the railway:

‘Love has no ending.

 

‘I’ll love you, dear, I’ll love you

Till China and Africa meet,

And the river jumps over the mountain

And the salmon sing in the street,

 

‘I’ll love you till the ocean

Is folded and hung up to dry

And the seven stars go squawking

Like geese about the sky.

 

‘The years shall run like rabbits,

For in my arms I hold

The Flower of the Ages,

And the first love of the world.’

 

But all the clocks in the city

Began to whirr and chime:

‘O let not Time deceive you,

You cannot conquer Time.

 

‘In the burrows of the Nightmare

Where Justice naked is,

Time watches from the shadow

And coughs when you would kiss.

 

‘In headaches and in worry

Vaguely life leaks away,

And Time will have his fancy

To-morrow or to-day.

 

‘Into many a green valley

Drifts the appalling snow;

Time breaks the threaded dances

And the diver’s brilliant bow.

 

‘O plunge your hands in water,

Plunge them in up to the wrist;

Stare, stare in the basin

And wonder what you’ve missed.

 

‘The glacier knocks in the cupboard,

The desert sighs in the bed,

And the crack in the tea-cup opens

A lane to the land of the dead.

 

‘Where the beggars raffle the banknotes

And the Giant is enchanting to Jack,

And the Lily-white Boy is a Roarer,

And Jill goes down on her back.

 

‘O look, look in the mirror,

O look in your distress:

Life remains a blessing

Although you cannot bless.

 

‘O stand, stand at the window

As the tears scald and start;

You shall love your crooked neighbour

With your crooked heart.’

 

It was late, late in the evening,

The lovers they were gone;

The clocks had ceased their chiming,

And the deep river ran on.

 

Julie Delpy and Ethan Hawke in Linklater's Waking LifeThat Linklater would insist on its inclusion tells us a lot about Linklater. The central conflict in the poem is between romance and time. Apart from the “one for me, one for them” logic of his output, we have to acknowledge this emphasis. “The deep river ran on.”

School of Rock is a film that emphasizes the alienation of dreamers, and the ecstatic release that accompanies knowing what you were sent here to do; in this case, it is to reinvigorate blunted exuberance with the power of dumb songs. Waking Life is a movie about a dream, and the anxiety that we cannot escape. They are two sides to the same coin. The crowd-pleasing hijinks of School of Rock (“Those who cannot do, teach. And those who cannot teach, teach gym.”) seem sort of alien to the interiorized fixations of Waking Life, but it’s not so. Wiley Wiggins might could be Jack Black, if things were different. The question is how to make things different.

Jack Black with 2 guitars in Linklater's School of RockThe rotoscoped half-wisdoms of Waking Life would have no place in the offbeat formula comedy of School of Rock (written by and starring Mike White, who somehow emerged from “Chuck and Buck, suck and fuck” to children’s fare, but that’s a story for another day.) Yet they do seem to occupy something, together – call it a temporary autonomous zone, if you like.

It feels daring, this Linklater aesthetic, and something I profoundly relate to. Watching these movies in a row only convinced me further that he’s not fucking around.

In one of my favorite sequences from Waking Life, the one in which Linklater himself appears (playing pinball and philosophizing, a ridiculous and almost certainly true-to-life self-portrait), he says, “I’m not saying you don’t know what you’re talking about. It’s just that I don’t know what you’re talking about.” This gap between experience and knowing is as central to the aesthetic as time, or whatever it is we perceive time to be. Waking Life is an omnivorous collection of snapshots, democratically presented. It wants to eat everything in its path. School of Rock is bounded and conventional, but strangely convinced that shackles can be removed, looking around wildly for escape hatches.

It’s a career-long shaggy dog story, delivered through a variety of formal structures. What do we know? How do we know it? Why are we here? Why shouldn’t we be? What’s the meaning behind the meanings? Is there a God? Can I ever know someone? Can I ever know myself? What is knowing?

Oh fuck it, let’s rock.

February 2, 2018 0 comments
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CommentaryFilm

The Political Commentary of Killing Them Softly

by Lark January 31, 2018
written by Lark

In real life, I don’t know any criminals of the type depicted in 2012’s Killing Them Softly (or in its source material, the 1974 novel Cogan’s Trade). My high school Bible study leader, a gigantic ex-cop named Al who claimed to be related to “some tough guys” and who always had The Godfather playing when we went to his house, was about as close as I’ve ever gotten.

Obama/McCain billboards in Killing Them SoftlyHowever, I’m reasonably sure that real life mobsters watch a lot less C-SPAN. Out of a desperate desire to turn Higgin’s novel into a timely bit of political commentary, Andrew Dominik has speeches from Obama, McCain, and Bush play as atmospheric sound in roughly every third scene. (Killing Them Softly was made in 2012, but is set in 2008.)

It’s a deeply peculiar move. These speeches are not just filler or place-setting; the striking opening scene has the 3 words of the film’s title cut one-by-one into audio of a speech of Obama’s, each word accompanied by a Penderecki-esque drone, as if the words (white text on black background) are the equivalent of the black monolith.

The constant speeches go unreferenced by the characters — even when the doomed protagonists rob a mobster’s poker game, setting off the series of assassinations that drive the plot and lead to their death, the elderly mafiosi are silently watching Obama on C-SPAN — until the last scene.

Brad Pitt and Richard Jenkins in Killing Them SoftlyBrad Pitt (playing the fantastically greasy, but charming main hitman) has finally killed off most of the cast, and is demanding his payment from Richard Jenkins (who plays his mob middleman role with a mixture of boredom and irritation, not far from his performance in Cabin in the Woods). Suddenly, though, the two engage in a college undergrad-worthy conversation about the phoniness of the “American dream,” about Thomas Jefferson proclaiming all men equal while having slaves, and about Obama’s optimism.

“America’s not a country, it’s just a business. Now fucking pay me,” Pitt says, and the film ends (with one of the most obvious music cues ever — Barrett Strong’s version of “Money (That’s What I Want)”).

What? That’s the climactic political reference this movie has been building to the entire time?

After 90 minutes of politicians giving speeches from every TV and looking down from every billboard, it’s a completely vacuous payoff. No wonder this is one of the 19 movies to get an “F” rating from CinemaScore.

But, I wondered as I made sense of the movie, what would you expect? At the most obvious level, the point, that politicians are basically crooks, is blindingly obvious and has been made by 1,000 different films. Other than that point of contact, what other point could be made here?

Violence in Killing Them SoftlyJ. Hillis Miller’s The Ethics of Reading ultimately comes to the conclusion that there is one ethical meaning to be taken from any novel: that the novel turns to the reader, shrugs, and says: “Don’t look for any ethical meaning here, dummy.” I wonder if there’s something similar at play in political movies, and in particular those like Killing Them Softly that are trying desperately to comment on the reality of politics, not just morals and ideals.

As the years pass and the particulars become less particular, the film more and more seems to exceed the initial creators’ intentions. It seems to me to turn to us at home and say: “Yes, the director wants me to say, ‘Hey, politicians are crooks,’ but you know that already.” And then they shrug and say: “Look, man, you already know all this. Don’t look for any political meaning here. Why the hell would it be any different? Why are you going to mob movies for your political commentary?”

January 31, 2018 0 comments
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CommentaryFilm

The Fugitive has left the building

by rick January 30, 2018
written by rick

When I joked on social media that The Fugitive is a movie about how easily middle-aged white dudes can get into and out of buildings, my friends mostly laughed. Perhaps because it was presented as a declarative statement, it seems a bit reductive. Unfortunately for everyone, I absolutely think this is a big part of the film’s enduring appeal. It’s a story about ghostliness, with a pulp noir narrative drawn from both real life, old films, and dreams.

Bearded Harrison Ford in The FugitiveAs “Dr. Richard Kimble” (the prestige prefix is non-optional), Harrison Ford brings his shaggy mumble-charm to a cypher of a character. The falsely accused doctor is a prototype of the man with a certain set of skills, and like late-period Liam Neeson, he is on a pulp mission in The Fugitive. Intercut episodes involving saving children’s lives and so forth serve to bolster his credentials and underline both his prowess and his reluctant morality.

But, for the most part, he serves as a ghost in The Fugitive‘s machine. That machine is mostly constructed from the built environment: dams, hospitals, hotel conference rooms. Much of the film’s excitement — and it is very exciting — comes from this. “How is he going to get out of this one?” is one of the oldest tropes we have; The Fugitive both amps it up and interiorizes it.

Tommy Lee Jones with prosthetic limbs in The FugitiveDr. Richard Kimble is on the run from more than Tommy Lee Jones‘ “Deputy Marshall Samuel Gerard.” (The film insists on repetitions of titles for both characters.) Ford’s primary skill is blending in, and then ghosting. It’s how he survives. Perfectly cast, with his hangdog affect and handsome blankness, Ford is everyone and no one, the kind of guy who can just put on a hat and join a St. Patrick’s Day parade. The Fugitive ought to strain credulity with these moves; for some reason, it doesn’t. (Except for when he outright tells a cop that he fits the description of the fugitive he’s seeking, and then they both laugh because his fly is down. Dudes, am I right?)

Years ago, a white, male friend of mine was surprised to discover that not just anyone can enter a hotel they are not staying in to use the bathroom. He was like, “I don’t get it, there are bathrooms everywhere.” Indeed there are, for some of us. Like Dr. Richard Kimble, I have simply walked into government buildings, nodded, mumbled something about a meeting, and kept walking. Barring any overt physical distinction — no punk rock t-shirt, no wacky haircut, no holes in my clothes — it’s always worked.

It’s facile to simply point out that white maleness is the standard against which we are judged. We all know that. The Fugitive is clever in its deployment of this fact.

Harrison Ford with prosthetic arm in The FugitiveAs in The Shawshank Redemption, another enormously popular film released the following year, starring another certain-set-of-skills-having blank slate of a protagonist, white maleness provides cover. We could just call it privilege, and it is, but it seems something more complicated. For instance, in The Fugitive, Dr. Richard Kimble also seems to assume the identity of the buildings he enters (and successfully exits, shedding metaphorical skin along the way). If, since the Expressionists, buildings reflect us back onto ourselves, perhaps one of the characteristics of this variety of whiteness is the way in which we give the building itself shape. If architectural horror is a thing, then so is architectural banality, hiding in plain sight.

None of this is to suggest that The Fugitive, in its interrogation of white maleness, is somehow a white supremacist text itself; it’s not. It’s a terrifically enjoyable escape valve of a film, the kind of throwback I am certain my dad would’ve enjoyed. (Perhaps he did; it never came up, though Shawshank was and remains a family favorite.) We marvel at the protagonist’s cleverness, even when the film doesn’t entirely sell it, because we also want the innocent guy to go free, and we want someone to stick it to the man. The swirling conspiracy about falsified liver toxicity reports is profoundly beside the point, so much so that when it arrives, even with its attendant anti-capitalist resonances, we may as well be talking about Unknown‘s corn. It’s a bit of a letdown, frankly.

Harrison Ford in front of hospital in The FugitiveThe entire structure of the film revolves around the (rather brutal, rather pointless) murder of Kimble’s wife Helen (Sela Ward), told almost exclusively in flashback. She’s the obvious ghost, but it’s Kimble as ghost who retains our attention and sympathy. We are profoundly more interested in the consequences of her death for him than we ever really are about her death, particularly when, as The Fugitive progresses, Tommy Lee Jones’ dawning awareness of his innocence sets up something like a romance between the two male characters. She is eclipsed, featured only in fragmented, Lynchian nightmares. Her absence at the center of the film mirrors any number of other absences from fields of view.

The ghostly prosthetic limbs which The Fugitive loves dwelling on also bolster this idea of partiality, of incompleteness. Something is always missing. It’s enough to give Derrida a headache.

Still, it’s that nexus of freedom and claustrophobia, endless possibility for exciting transformation and endless bounding of choices, which provide The Fugitive‘s anxious energy. Dr. Richard Kimble may or may not be in the building, but something sure is.

January 30, 2018 0 comments
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CommentaryFilm

On the insufficiency of enjoy

by Lark January 29, 2018
written by Lark

Enjoying, enjoy, enjoys; particularly the past tense, enjoyed. The first instinct when leaving a movie theater with someone else: “Well, I really enjoyed that. Did you enjoy it?” Over dinner with friends that night: “Oh, we saw that movie earlier today — we really enjoyed it.” Or on Facebook: “Just saw this! A lot of fun!”

Maybe I’m the only one who feels this way — I admit, almost everything I’m going to say in this piece runs the risk of sounding a bit snobby — but it seems to me that our language of pleasure in the face of art has undergone a severe reduction. I may be exaggerating how small the vocabulary is, but I don’t think by much. We talk about enjoying, or not enjoying, and that’s about it.

The extremity of this is what, I think, led me to basically stop talking about the pleasure of a work. I assumed that there just wasn’t much to say about pleasure; you enjoyed something or you didn’t, and that was about the end of it. (This, in turn, led friends to have basically no idea whether or not I liked something from what I said about it.)

I think I started to notice that something was missing when I was struck with what I’ll call Netflix paralysis. (It’s remarkable we don’t have a name for an experience that seems so common.) It can strike on any streaming site, or any time you have to pick between a large number of media choices. There’s just too much — so I end up watching nothing.

I suspect that what is at play here is the reduction of all pleasure to a single term (concept, mode, whatever). To the extent that all artistic pleasure is not just comparable but qualitatively equivalent, distinct only in quantity, then there is suddenly a best choice out there. You can make a wrong choice, picking X when you would have gotten a lot more pleasure out of Y — a paralyzing thought in particular for someone with Asperger’s, like me.1

All this has been in my mind recently, mostly because of The Company We Keep, by the great late-20th century literary critic Wayne C. Booth. Booth is a curious case, more assigned to grad students than read. It is perhaps a shame that his most significant books, like Company, are so long (too long — easily half of Company’s 500 pages could be cut). If read at the right time, they might save certain undergrads years of unhealthy delusions. It is also unfortunate that they, in particular Company and his earlier The Rhetoric of Fiction, are mired in particular debates of the 1970s, 80s, and 90s in literary studies; every few pages, he has to turn and fire a few potshots at the already-retreating deconstructionists.

What matters is not the particulars of Booth’s argument, which is somewhat shaky and reliant on a creaky commitment to defending the Great Works.2 What is important about the book, though, is that it suggests the validity of ethical criticism — genuine ethical criticism, a widespread criticism that would not merely apply to the most outré cases.

There is an understandable fear when we begin to talk about ethics that we are talking about censorship. Few want to be on the side of the naggers, and most want to be on the side of the laissez-faire when it comes to the consumption of art outside a classroom.

I have no interest in re-fighting that fight, so I am going to distinguish between a morality of watching and an ethics of watching. A morality of watching is about forbidding; it is the source of Comstocks and Nancy Reagans. Morality of watching is more about forbidding certain topics: sex and violence, mostly, with any number of implicit tag-along passengers (poverty presented in anything but the most pure way, for example).

Here’s where I want to start from, to avoid this kind of moralizing: that while a morality of watching is about watching itself — that is, these are materials that must be kept out of the hands of those who would watch it and be corrupted — an ethics of watching is about re-watching.

To judge without watching is to talk nonsense — although I’ll expand on this later. To forbid others watch after watching yourself is to place yourself as a kind of moral authority: I can handle watching this without being corrupted, but you can’t. That belief that some people are too pure to be corrupted is insidious and has a million gross consequences. But when it comes to me making an ethical judgment about a work of art, it has to come down to me knowing what the work is already.

Guido in 8 1/2 failing to enjoy himselfTo continue, let me pick a specific example somewhat arbitrarily — mostly just because it’s what I watched last night: Fellini’s 8½. It’s a movie that deserves all the praise it gets: it’s effortlessly fun, beautiful, and pleasantly shocking, like a sudden rainstorm. It’s also a movie that is, at its heart, about a misogynist: Marcello Mastroianni as Guido, a film director who is using his latest production as an opportunity to cheat on his wife, reminisce about a past sexual encounter with a prostitute, and fantasize about living in a harem with all the women he meets, a fantasy that literally ends with him whipping them back into subjection.

Is it a misogynist movie? By no means. Guido comes off as somewhat pathetic, trapped in a childish state, trying to re-enact the day as a child that he ordered a prostitute to dance for him. (It is no coincidence that he does his mistress’ makeup in the same way as the prostitute). It would be a gross mistake to simply say that the film is about celebrating Guido.

8 1/2 circus performersAnd yet, we spend the entire movie essentially in his head. We fantasize with him, and all the brilliant visual touches are in service of him: the final, justly famous moments, in which all the characters dance to circus music, are really just a recapitulation of his harem fantasy.

And so, I left the movie with a slightly bitter taste in my mouth. The question is not whether I regret watching the movie; at the very least, I can stop putting off watching it. The question is whether, knowing what it is, I would re-watch it. To re-watch it, right now, would say something about what virtues I value.

Virtue is an important word here. Thinking of valuation in terms of virtues is, I believe, one of the most important things Booth does in his book, and what I think is missing in valuating art exclusively on a scale of “enjoyment”. 8½ possesses a number of what we might call second-order virtues, something like excellences of expression. One could spend weeks dissecting the cleverness of the particular episodes, each of which builds on the last without creating a coherent sense of reality.

But it’s worth distinguishing those from what we might call first-order virtues, those things in service of which the second-order virtues are virtuous. A skillful presentation of horrible ideas is not worthy of praise. And to that question I wonder: do I really want to again spend 2 hours exploring the head of a misogynist? It’s not that it shouldn’t have been done — again, the movie presents Guido’s sexism as essentially infantile — but a matter of choosing in whose head one should spend one’s time.

I’ll almost certainly watch 8½ again, though, at some point. Why? Because I think it’s worth thinking of these judgments not as anything final, but as guesses, or bets. Right now, my gut reaction to the movie is this: that I bet if I watched this movie again, right now, I wouldn’t see any more active sympathy or interest in the female characters than I did last night, and that I would instead spend 2 hours exploring the psyche of a sexist.

But who knows what may happen in the future to make me change that formulation. I might come to bet that this time I may find more to them, or that the delight in the pure brilliance of form is enough for me to like it — that in future viewings, what seemed to be second-order virtues this time may become first-order virtues. Or I may watch more of Fellini’s other movies and come to believe that there was probably more in the women’s characters than I acknowledged, based on his sympathies elsewhere.

Failing to enjoy Friday The 13thFailing to enjoy Friday The 13th Part IIFailing to enjoy Friday The 13th Part IIITo extend this idea of betting a little bit more, and circle back to the idea of virtue being a matter of re-watching: It is extremely unlikely to me that I will ever watch another Friday the 13th movie. I’ve seen a few scattered entries, and found them cruel and vicious, lacking in even the virtues of the other classic slasher series (like Halloween or Nightmare on Elm Street).

By choosing not to watch those other movies, I am making an ethical decision: it would be a bad idea to watch them, and a good idea not to. I can say to Friday the 13th Part III that I have no interest in watching it because I have seen the movie before — when it was called Friday the 13th, or Friday the 13th Part II. In other words, as long as we are using a language of “betting” that one won’t find something redeeming on a re-watch, one can use the same language to “bet” that the third movie in a slasher series won’t offer anything the earlier movies wouldn’t — or that another movie in a low-budget genre won’t offer anything that similar movies in the genre wouldn’t.

Here is the appeal of thinking in virtue language: virtues are not so easily commensurable. To watch something with virtues (and I’m talking about real artistic virtues here, not merely “moral instruction”) is enjoyable, and the reason to do it is in both the fact that it has a virtue and in the fact that it is enjoyable. (Some philosophers would say that that is two ways of saying the same thing.)

But it allows us to acknowledge the infinite flavors of “enjoy”. It lets us be aware of the way that enjoying a Godard movie is unlike enjoying Lady Bird, without trying to pick one or the other. It allows us to pick something from an overwhelming plurality of choices without trying to “optimize” our pleasure.

And it is, if nothing else, a way to talk about enjoyment without just saying: “I enjoyed that one a lot. Did you enjoy it?”

1 “Quantitative thinking” about media enjoyment like this is too large of a sea change for its causes to be easily examined, so I won’t spend too much time doing that here. However, while I think Rotten Tomatoes (and later, Metacritic) was responding to a growing trend, I definitely believe it encouraged the spread of this way of thinking.

2 Booth’s self-awareness is hit-and-miss; the entire book was inspired by his attempt to convince a black fellow professor of literature that he should not think Huckleberry Finn is racist, but he does acknowledge in other sections his biases.

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